Evaluation of Quality Characteristics and Storage Stability of Peanut Beverage Added Ginger, Moringa Leaf Powder and Lime

Peanut seeds were roasted at 800C for 20 min milled and blended with ginger (GI),with moringa leaf powder (MP), with lime (LI) with moringa leaf powder and ginger (MG) with lime and moringa leaf powder (LM) with lime and ginger (LM) into paste. Heated water (at 800C) was added to the paste while stirring for 30 min. The mixture was further heated in a boiling bath and filtered with muslin cloth cooled to obtain a drink which was flavored with pineapple, banana and milk flavor and sucrose was also added. The results showed moisture content of GI ranged from 79.87 – 83.95 %, with sample LI having the highest value was not significantly different () from MO, MG, LM and LG but sample GI having the lowest value, which was significantly () difference form LI, MG and LG. The ash content ranged from 1.92 – 2.41 %, with sample GI having the highest value which was significantly () different from LI and MG but not significantly () different from other samples. The crude fat content ranged from 2.92 -3.07 %, of which sample GI having the highest value and sample LI having the lowest value which are not significantly () different from one another. The crude protein ranged from 4.01 – 4.74 % of which sample GI having the highest value and sample LG having the least value which are not significantly () different from one another. The carbohydrate contents ranged from 3.49 – 6.49 % with sample LI had the highest value which was not significantly () different from sample GI and MO and sample MG having the lowest value which was significantly () difference from other sample except LG. pH of beverages decreased from 7.90 MG week 1 to 3.21 in LM in week 3.Total titretable acidity present in the beverages were GI in week 1; (0.13), MO(0.17), LI(0.18), MG(0.12), LM(0.19) and LG(0.16).At week 3, GI(0.18), MO(0.23), LI(O.24), MG(0.82), LM(0.24) and LG(0.24). The beverages contained low number of total plate counts (1.9 x 102 - 2.8 x 104) and fungi/yeasts counts (1.2 x 104- 4.2 X 106). Overall acceptability was high for all samples.

Exploration of Zingiber officinale effects on growth performance, immunity and gut morphology in broilers / Exploração dos efeitos do Zingiber officinale no desempenho de crescimento, imunidade e morfologia intestinal em frangos de corte

Abstract The current study aimed to determine the effects of different levels of Zingiber officinale as a herbal feed additive on growth performance, carcass characteristic, serum biochemistry, total bacterial count (TBC), gut morphology, and immunological parameters of broilers. A total of 1500, day-old broiler chicks (Hubbard) were equally accredited to five treatment groups, each with six replicates (50 birds/replicate). Five experimental diets were prepared using basal diet i.e. with antibiotics positive control (PC), 3 g/kg ginger (group A), 6 g/kg ginger (group B), 9 g/kg ginger (group C) and without antibiotics negative control (NC). Group A and C showed significantly (p<0.05) higher feed intake (FI) as compared to other groups. Group C showed significantly (p<0.05) lower Total bacterial count (TBC) followed by group B as compared to NC. Carcass characteristics showed non-significant effects among different treatments. Mean villi length and width were significantly (p <0.05) higher in all ginger supplemented groups as compared to the control groups. Blood serum parameters including cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were significantly (p<0.05) lower in groups B and C in comparison with the control groups. Whereas high-density lipoproteins (HDL) was significantly higher in group B as compared to the others. In conclusion, ginger supplementation @0.6% in the basal diet significantly improved growth performance and gut morphometry of broilers. It also showed a positive impact on cholesterol, triglycerides and gut microbes. Therefore, ginger could be a better substitute for antibiotic growth promoters.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de Zingiber officinale como aditivo à base de plantas medicinais sobre o desempenho de crescimento, características da carcaça, bioquímica sérica, contagem bacteriana total (CBT), morfologia intestinal e parâmetros imunológicos de frangos de corte. Um total de 1.500 pintos de corte de um dia de idade (Hubbard) foram igualmente credenciados em cinco grupos de tratamento, cada um com seis repetições (50 aves/repetição). Cinco dietas experimentais foram preparadas usando dieta basal, ou seja, com controle positivo de antibióticos (PC), 3 g/kg de gengibre (grupo A), 6 g/kg de gengibre (grupo B), 9 g/kg de gengibre (grupo C) e sem controle negativo de antibióticos (NC). Os grupos A e C apresentaram consumo de ração (FI) significativamente (p < 0,05) maior do que os outros grupos. O grupo C apresentou contagem bacteriana total (CBT) significativamente menor (p < 0,05) seguido pelo grupo B em comparação com o NC. As características da carcaça apresentaram efeitos não significativos entre os diferentes tratamentos. O comprimento e largura médios das vilosidades foram significativamente (p < 0,05) maiores em todos os grupos suplementados com gengibre em comparação com os grupos de controle. Os parâmetros séricos do sangue, incluindo colesterol, triglicerídeos e lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL), foram significativamente (p < 0,05) menores nos grupos B e C em comparação com os grupos controle. Enquanto as lipoproteínas de alta densidade (HDL) foram significativamente maiores no grupo B em comparação com os outros. Em conclusão, a suplementação de gengibre a 0,6% na dieta basal melhorou significativamente o desempenho de crescimento e a morfometria intestinal de frangos de corte. Ele também mostrou um impacto positivo sobre o colesterol, triglicerídeos e micróbios intestinais. Portanto, o gengibre pode ser um substituto melhor para os promotores de crescimento com antibióticos.

Chemical components of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex of different origins and with different tree ages before and after being processed with ginger juice:a qualitative and quantitative analysis / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to investigate the impact of ginger juice on chemical profile of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex(MOC) when they were processed together. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry(UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) was used for qualitative analysis of the chemical component of MOC samples before and after being processed with ginger juice. UPLC was performed to observe the content variation of eight main components in processed MOC. A total of 174 compounds were identified or tentatively deduced from processed and unprocessed MOC samples according to MS data obtained in positive and negative ion mode. After MOC was processed with ginger juice, the peak areas of most phenolics increased, while the peak areas of most phenylethanoid glycosides decreased; as for neolignans, oxyneolignans, other lignans and alkaloids, changes in the peak area were variable, and the peak areas of terpenoid-lignans varied little. Additionally, gingerols and diarylheptanoids were only detected in the processed MOC sample. The contents of syringin, magnoloside A, and magnoloside B decreased significantly in the processed MOC sample while no significant difference was observed in the contents of magnoflorine, magnocurarine, honokiol, obovatol, and magnolol. This study comprehensively explored the content variation of chemical components in processed and unprocessed MOC samples derived from different regions and with different tree ages using UPLC and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS, and summarized the variation characteristics of various compounds. The results provide a data foundation for further research on pharmacodynamic substances of MOC processed with ginger juice.

Processing Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex with ginger juice: process optimization based on AHP-CRITIC weighting method and composition changes after processing / 中国中药杂志

The weight coefficients of appearance traits, extract yield of standard decoction, and total content of honokiol and magnolol were determined by analytic hierarchy process(AHP), criteria importance though intercrieria correlation(CRITIC), and AHP-CRITIC weighting method, and the comprehensive scores were calculated. The effects of ginger juice dosage, moistening time, proces-sing temperature, and processing time on the quality of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex(MOC) were investigated, and Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the process parameters. To reveal the processing mechanism, MOC, ginger juice-processed Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex(GMOC), and water-processed Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex(WMOC) were compared. The results showed that the weight coefficients of the appearance traits, extract yield of standard decoction, and total content of honokiol and magnolol determined by AHP-CRITIC weighting method were 0.134, 0.287, and 0.579, respectively. The optimal processing parameters of GMOC were ginger juice dosage of 8%, moistening time of 120 min, and processing at 100 ℃ for 7 min. The content of syringoside and magnolflorine in MOC decreased after processing, and the content of honokiol and magnolol followed the trend of GMOC>MOC>WMOC, which suggested that the change in clinical efficacy of MOC after processing was associated with the changes of chemical composition. The optimized processing technology is stable and feasible and provides references for the modern production and processing of MOC.

Effect of ginger and P6 acupressure on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a randomized controlled study / Efeitos das compressões de acuponto de gengibre e Neiguan sobre náuseas e vômitos induzidos por quimioterapia: um estudo randomizado e controlado / Efecto del jengibre y la acupresión de P6 en las náuseas y vómitos inducidos por la quimioterapia: estudio controlado aleatorizado

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effect of ginger with P6 acupressure in preventing and treating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in cancer patients. Method: A total of 172 participants were randomly divided into the control, ginger, acupressure, and joint groups, who were hospitalized in the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from February and September 2022. The baseline characteristics, nausea, vomiting, and retching, benefit finding, functional living index-emesis, treatment satisfaction, and adverse reaction, were used in data collection. Results: No significant difference was found in benefit finding and adverse reactions among the four groups (P > 0.05). Ginger significantly improved delayed CINV and function living index-nausea (P < 0.05) but had no significant effect on acute CINV, retching, and delayed vomiting, functional living index-emesis, and treatment satisfaction (P>0.05). Acute nausea and retching, delayed nausea, vomiting, and retching, functional living index-emesis, and treatment satisfaction were effectively improved in the acupressure and joint groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Ginger with P6 acupressure may contribute to improving CINV in patients undergoing chemotherapy.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del jengibre con acupresión P6 en la prevención y tratamiento de las náuseas y vómitos (nviq) inducidos por la quimioterapia en pacientes con cáncer. Método: Se dividió al azar A un total de 172 participantes en los grupos control, jengibre, acupresión y conjunto, que fueron hospitalizados en el Hospital afiliado de la universidad médica Xuzhou entre febrero y septiembre de 2022. En la recolección de datos se utilizaron las características basales: náuseas, vómitos y náuseas, hallazgo de beneficios, índice de vida funcional, satisfacción con el tratamiento y reacciones adversas. Resultados: No se encontró diferencia significativa en el hallazgo del beneficio y las reacciones adversas entre los cuatro grupos (P >0.05). El jengibre mejoró significativamente las nviq diferidas y el índice de vida funcional (nausea) de forma significativa (P < 0.05), pero no tuvo un efecto significativo en las nvi, las náuseas y el vómito diferidos, la emesis del índice de vida funcional y la satisfacción con el tratamiento (P >0.05). Las náuseas agudas y las arcadas, las náuseas, los vómitos y las arcadas tardías, la medida del índice de vida funcional y la satisfacción con el tratamiento mejoraron efectivamente en los grupos de acupresión y articulares (P < 0,05). Conclusión: El jengibre con acupresión P6 puede contribuir a mejorar las nviq en pacientes sometidos a quimioterapia.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da compressão do acuponto gengibre e Neiguan na prevenção e tratamento de náuseas e vômitos induzidos por quimioterapia em pacientes oncológicos. Métodos: Um total de 172 pacientes hospitalizados no Hospital Afiliado da Xuzhou Medical University de fevereiro a setembro de 2022 foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupo controle, grupo gengibre, grupo acuponto e grupo combinado. A recolha de dados incluiu principalmente dados basais, pontuação de náuseas, vómitos e vómitos, sensação de benefício da doença, índice de vida funcional, satisfação com o tratamento e efeitos adversos. Resultados: Não houve diferenças significativas no benefício da doença e efeitos adversos entre os quatro grupos (P >0,05). O gengibre melhorou significativamente o índice de vida funcional tardia e náusea (P < 0,05), mas não melhorou a NVI tardia e vómitos e vómitos retardados, o índice de vida funcional dos vómitos e a satisfação com o tratamento (P >0,05). Ambos os grupos de acuponto e combinação melhoraram náuseas agudas, vómitos, náuseas tardias, vómitos, vómitos, vómitos, índice de vida funcional e satisfação com o tratamento (P < 0,05). Conclusão: A acupuntura de gengibre e neiguan pode ajudar a melhorar a NVIQ em pacientes submetidos a quimioterapia.

Exploration of Zingiber officinale effects on growth performance, immunity and gut morphology in broilers / Exploração dos efeitos do Zingiber officinale no desempenho de crescimento, imunidade e morfologia intestinal em frangos de corte

The current study aimed to determine the effects of different levels of Zingiber officinale as a herbal feed additive on growth performance, carcass characteristic, serum biochemistry, total bacterial count (TBC), gut morphology, and immunological parameters of broilers. A total of 1500, day-old broiler chicks (Hubbard) were equally accredited to five treatment groups, each with six replicates (50 birds/replicate). Five experimental diets were prepared using basal diet i.e. with antibiotics positive control (PC), 3 g/kg ginger (group A), 6 g/kg ginger (group B), 9 g/kg ginger (group C) and without antibiotics negative control (NC). Group A and C showed significantly (p<0.05) higher feed intake (FI) as compared to other groups. Group C showed significantly (p<0.05) lower Total bacterial count (TBC) followed by group B as compared to NC. Carcass characteristics showed non-significant effects among different treatments. Mean villi length and width were significantly (p <0.05) higher in all ginger supplemented groups as compared to the control groups. Blood serum parameters including cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density lipoproteins (LDL) were significantly (p<0.05) lower in groups B and C in comparison with the control groups. Whereas high-density lipoproteins (HDL) was significantly higher in group B as compared to the others. In conclusion, ginger supplementation @0.6% in the basal diet significantly improved growth performance and gut morphometry of broilers. It also showed a positive impact on cholesterol, triglycerides and gut microbes. Therefore, ginger could be a better substitute for antibiotic growth promoters.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de Zingiber officinale como aditivo à base de plantas medicinais sobre o desempenho de crescimento, características da carcaça, bioquímica sérica, contagem bacteriana total (CBT), morfologia intestinal e parâmetros imunológicos de frangos de corte. Um total de 1.500 pintos de corte de um dia de idade (Hubbard) foram igualmente credenciados em cinco grupos de tratamento, cada um com seis repetições (50 aves/repetição). Cinco dietas experimentais foram preparadas usando dieta basal, ou seja, com controle positivo de antibióticos (PC), 3 g/kg de gengibre (grupo A), 6 g/kg de gengibre (grupo B), 9 g/kg de gengibre (grupo C) e sem controle negativo de antibióticos (NC). Os grupos A e C apresentaram consumo de ração (FI) significativamente (p < 0,05) maior do que os outros grupos. O grupo C apresentou contagem bacteriana total (CBT) significativamente menor (p < 0,05) seguido pelo grupo B em comparação com o NC. As características da carcaça apresentaram efeitos não significativos entre os diferentes tratamentos. O comprimento e largura médios das vilosidades foram significativamente (p < 0,05) maiores em todos os grupos suplementados com gengibre em comparação com os grupos de controle. Os parâmetros séricos do sangue, incluindo colesterol, triglicerídeos e lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL), foram significativamente (p < 0,05) menores nos grupos B e C em comparação com os grupos controle. Enquanto as lipoproteínas de alta densidade (HDL) foram significativamente maiores no grupo B em comparação com os outros. Em conclusão, a suplementação de gengibre a 0,6% na dieta basal melhorou significativamente o desempenho de crescimento e a morfometria intestinal de frangos de corte. Ele também mostrou um impacto positivo sobre o colesterol, triglicerídeos e micróbios intestinais. Portanto, o gengibre pode ser um substituto melhor para os promotores de crescimento com antibióticos.

Exploration of Zingiber officinale effects on growth performance, immunity and gut morphology in broilers

Abstract The current study aimed to determine the effects of different levels of Zingiber officinale as a herbal feed additive on growth performance, carcass characteristic, serum biochemistry, total bacterial count (TBC), gut morphology, and immunological parameters of broilers. A total of 1500, day-old broiler chicks (Hubbard) were equally accredited to five treatment groups, each with six replicates (50 birds/replicate). Five experimental diets were prepared using basal diet i.e. with antibiotics positive control (PC), 3 g/kg ginger (group A), 6 g/kg ginger (group B), 9 g/kg ginger (group C) and without antibiotics negative control (NC). Group A and C showed significantly (p 0.05) higher feed intake (FI) as compared to other groups. Group C showed significantly (p 0.05) lower Total bacterial count (TBC) followed by group B as compared to NC. Carcass characteristics showed non-significant effects among different treatments. Mean villi length and width were significantly (p 0.05) higher in all ginger supplemented groups as compared to the control groups. Blood serum parameters including cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were significantly (p 0.05) lower in groups B and C in comparison with the control groups. Whereas high-density lipoproteins (HDL) was significantly higher in group B as compared to the others. In conclusion, ginger supplementation @0.6% in the basal diet significantly improved growth performance and gut morphometry of broilers. It also showed a positive impact on cholesterol, triglycerides and gut microbes. Therefore, ginger could be a better substitute for antibiotic growth promoters.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de Zingiber officinale como aditivo à base de plantas medicinais sobre o desempenho de crescimento, características da carcaça, bioquímica sérica, contagem bacteriana total (CBT), morfologia intestinal e parâmetros imunológicos de frangos de corte. Um total de 1.500 pintos de corte de um dia de idade (Hubbard) foram igualmente credenciados em cinco grupos de tratamento, cada um com seis repetições (50 aves/repetição). Cinco dietas experimentais foram preparadas usando dieta basal, ou seja, com controle positivo de antibióticos (PC), 3 g/kg de gengibre (grupo A), 6 g/kg de gengibre (grupo B), 9 g/kg de gengibre (grupo C) e sem controle negativo de antibióticos (NC). Os grupos A e C apresentaram consumo de ração (FI) significativamente (p 0,05) maior do que os outros grupos. O grupo C apresentou contagem bacteriana total (CBT) significativamente menor (p 0,05) seguido pelo grupo B em comparação com o NC. As características da carcaça apresentaram efeitos não significativos entre os diferentes tratamentos. O comprimento e largura médios das vilosidades foram significativamente (p 0,05) maiores em todos os grupos suplementados com gengibre em comparação com os grupos de controle. Os parâmetros séricos do sangue, incluindo colesterol, triglicerídeos e lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL), foram significativamente (p 0,05) menores nos grupos B e C em comparação com os grupos controle. Enquanto as lipoproteínas de alta densidade (HDL) foram significativamente maiores no grupo B em comparação com os outros. Em conclusão, a suplementação de gengibre a 0,6% na dieta basal melhorou significativamente o desempenho de crescimento e a morfometria intestinal de frangos de corte. Ele também mostrou um impacto positivo sobre o colesterol, triglicerídeos e micróbios intestinais. Portanto, o gengibre pode ser um substituto melhor para os promotores de crescimento com antibióticos.

GC-MS Analysis of Effect of Different Processing Conditions on Irritation of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the key compounds affecting the irritation and to clarify the effect of heating and the addition of ginger juice as the auxiliary material during the processing on the irritation of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex（MOC） by comparing the irritation and composition of volatile oil in MOC and its different processed products. MethodVolatile oil in raw products， water-processed products， ginger-dried products， ginger-fried products（the amounts of ginger were 10%， 50%， respectively） of MOC were extracted by steam distillation and subjected to rabbit eye irritation experiment， and the volatile components of each sample were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）. Principal component analysis（PCA）and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） were used to analyze the data of each sample by SIMCA 14.1. The relative contents of different processed products were compared two by two with those of and raw products or ginger-fried products， and the markers that might be related to the irritation were sorted out according to the principles of variable importance in the projection（VIP） value >1 and P<0.05， and the factors influencing the differences in irritation were analyzed. ResultCompared with the blank group， the administration groups all had irritation to the eyes of rabbits， and the degree of irritation was in the order of raw products>water-processed products>ginger-dried products>ginger-fried products（10%）>ginger-fried products（50%）. The results of PCA and OPLS-DA showed that there were differences in the volatile oil from raw products and different processed products. According to VIP value>1 and P<0.05， and combined with the results of eye irritation experiment， ten volatile compounds related to irritation changes were screened out. Among them， cis-cinnamaldehyde was only detected in raw products， the relative contents of β-caryophyllene， （+）-delta-cadinene， α-humulene， γ-muurolene， （-）-isoledene and citral all increased to different degrees， the contents of p-cymene， 1（10）-4-cadinadien-15-ol and β-eudesmol all decreased to different degrees. ConclusionThe irritation of MOC is reduced after heating and processing with ginger juice， and the synergistic effect of both is more effective for reducing irritation. Among the differential markers associated with changes in irritation， the increase in the relative content of citral is closely related to the addition of ginger juice， while the decrease in the relative contents of cis-cinnamaldehyde， p-cymene， 1（10）-4-cadinadien-15-ol is related to heating， and the changes of other components may be related to the synergistic effect of heating and ginger juice.

Phytochemical Feed Additives, Garlic, Ginger and Their Mixture on Physical Quality Parameters and Sensory Attributes of Broiler Chicken Meat

The meat quality and sensory attributes of broilers fed diets containing garlic, ginger and their mixtures was determined. Four dietary treatments: T1- no garlic or ginger; T2- garlic only; T3 – ginger only and T4- garlic + ginger respectively were utilized in a completely randomized design (CRD). On the last day of the 70-day feeding and growth trial, 3 birds were decapitated per treatment. The slaughtered birds were singed in warm water, de-feathered, eviscerated, cut into parts and deboned. Meat cuts of about 800g taken from the thigh and breast muscles of each of the representative birds per treatment were tested for meat quality (water holding capacity, cook loss, pH and fat binding capacity) parameters and sensory attributes. The meat parts were later cut into 2.5 cm – 3.0cm pieces and mixed in 0.4% of iodized common salt before boiling in a pot at a cooking temperature above 100oC for 20 minutes. The pieces of the boiled meat were placed according to the four (4) feed treatments. Twelve (12) consumer panelists (6 for the thigh and 6 for the breast muscles respectively) within the age range of 20 – 26 years were used for the sensory evaluation. The meat quality and overall acceptability results depicted by the panelists on the sensory parameters (colour, flavour, tenderness, juiciness and toughness) revealed that meat (thigh and breast) of broilers fed T2- garlic only were better preferred by consumers and was recommended.

Ethnobotanical Survey and Agro-Morphological Characterization of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc., Zingiberaceae) Cultivars in South Benin

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc., Zingiberaceae), a cultivated annual herbaceous plant is one of the most important spices consumed in the world with many medicinal properties. It is an income-generating plant for its production. This study aims to document endogenous knowledge on speculation as well as an agro-morphological characterization in order to make it better known and to reveal its potential to the whole world. The ethnobotanical data obtained by a semi-structured survey conducted from a questionnaire in six (06) municipalities in southern Benin made it possible to determine the local taxonomy of Ginger, the cultural practices and the different uses of the species. Ginger has been introduced in Benin for decades and in all the area study. The local names for the species as well as its uses, vary according to locality. As for the agro-morphological characterization, a complete random block device composed of five sub-plots was used. The experimental data allowed us to obtain three classes with all the accessions collected. Ginger cultivation is widespread in the study area with production on a small area. The cultivation techniques adopted do not follow any defined technical itinerary and the production tools are often rudimentary. The cultivation of ginger is therefore limited despite its multiple medicinal and economic potential. The institutions in charge of agriculture do not have data concerning the cultivation of ginger in southern Benin.

Evaluation of Secondary Metabolites Profiling of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Rhizome using GC-MS and Its Antibacterial Potential on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Objective: Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) rhizome is a well-known food spice and flavoring ingredient with wide range of medicinal properties. The rhizome of ginger consists of unique secondary metabolites compounds. The study evaluates the secondary metabolites profiling of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) rhizome using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and its antibacterial potential on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Methodology: The GC-MS and phytochemical screening of the aqueous ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) rhizome extract were determined using standard procedures. Antibacterial activities were determined by agar well diffusion methods. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using standard procedure. Results: The result of the GC-MS analysis shows that thirty six compounds were identified in the ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) rhizome using GC-MS analysis with tridecane with molecular formula of C13H28 being the most abundant with peak area of 16.94% and retention time of 12.849. The phytochemical screening shows that the plant contains saponins, alkaloids, glycoside, simple phenolics, tannins, flavonoids carbohydrates and reducing sugar. The study shows that at 250 mg/ml, the aqueous ginger extract exhibited little or no response with zone of inhibition of 9.85±0.39 and 8.19±1.33 mg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli respectively. The extract exhibited weak response antibacterial activity against E. coli and moderate response against S. aureus with zone of inhibition of 13.62±2.03 and 16.73±1.83 at 500 mg/dl respectively. Augmentin showed moderate and strong response with zone of inhibition of 17.23±1.67 and 21.13±1.34 mg/ml against E. coli and S. aureus at concentration of 7.50 mg/ml respectively. At 15 mg/ml, augmentin showed strong response with zone of inhibition of 23.00±2.88 mg/ml against E. coli and potent response with zone of inhibition of 30.50±2.64 mg/ml against S. aureus. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for the aqueous ginger are 125 and 250 mg/ml for S. aureus and E. coli and 7.81 and 15.63 for augmentin solution for the sane organisms respectively. Conclusions: The aqueous ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) rhizome contains secondary metabolites and possesses poor antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and may prevent pathogenic diseases caused by these organisms.

Alternativas fitoterápicas no controle da obesidade / Phytotherapy alternatives in obesity control / Alternativas herbales en el control de la obesidad

Nos últimos anos, a obesidade vem aumentando consideravelmente entre adultos e crianças e, segundo a OMS, estima-se que em 2025 o número de obesos ultrapasse a 2,3 milhões em todo o mundo. O indivíduo obeso apresenta maiores riscos de desenvolver doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, como diabetes, doenças cardiovasculares, dislipidemias e ainda alguns tipos de cânceres. O tratamento para a obesidade é variado e inclui mudanças no estilo de vida como: hábitos alimentares e prática de atividade física, tratamento medicamentoso, cirurgia bariátrica e fitoterápicos com o potencial de auxiliar no tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica a fim de avaliar os benefícios da utilização de medicamentos fitoterápicos como auxiliar no tratamento da obesidade, seus principais ativos, mecanismos de ação e sua utilização popular. Dentre as plantas pesquisadas e que demonstraram potencial para atuar no tratamento da obesidade encontram-se Camelia sinensis, Citrus aurantium, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Coffea arabica, Ephedra sinica, Zingiber oficinale e Senna alexandrina. Os principais mecanismos de ação envolvidos no potencial anti-obesidade das plantas medicinais são a capacidade de controle do apetite e ingestão de energia, estímulo da termogênese, inibição da lipase pancreática e redução da absorção de gordura, diminuição da lipogênese e aumento da lipólise. Desta forma, conclui-se que as plantas selecionadas neste estudo apresentaram efeitos positivos nos parâmetros bioquímicos e físicos, podendo ser incluídas nos protocolos como coadjuvantes nos tratamentos de emagrecimento.

In recent years, obesity has increased considerably among adults and children and according to the WHO, it is estimated that in 2025 the number of obese people will exceed 2.3 million worldwide. The obese individual is at greater risk of developing non-communicable chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia and even some types of cancer. The treatment for obesity is varied, including changes in lifestyle such as eating habits and physical activity, drug treatment, bariatric surgery and phytotherapy with the potential to aid in the treatment. The objective of this work was to carry out a literature review, evaluating the benefits of using herbal medicines as an aid in the treatment of obesity, their main assets, mechanisms of action and their popular use. Among the plants researched and that have shown potential to act in the treatment of obesity are Camelia sinensis, Citrus aurantium, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Coffea arabica, Ephedra sinica, Zingiber officiale and Senna alexandrina. The main mechanisms of action involved in the antiobesity potential of medicinal plants are the ability to control appetite and energy intake, thermogenesis stimulation, pancreatic lipase inhibition and reduction of fat absorption, lipogenesis decrease and lipolysis increase. Thus, it is concluded that the plants selected in this study showed positive effects on biochemical and physical parameters, and can be included in the protocols as adjuvants in weight loss treatments.

En los últimos años, la obesidad ha aumentado considerablemente entre adultos y niños y, según la OMS, se estima que en 2025 el número de obesos superará los 2,3 millones en todo el mundo. Los individuos obesos tienen un mayor riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, como la diabetes, las enfermedades cardiovasculares, las dislipidemias e incluso algunos tipos de cáncer. El tratamiento de la obesidad es variado e incluye cambios en el estilo de vida como: hábitos alimenticios y práctica de actividad física, tratamiento farmacológico, cirugía bariátrica y medicamentos a base de hierbas con potencial para ayudar en el tratamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica para evaluar los beneficios del uso de las hierbas medicinales como ayuda en el tratamiento de la obesidad, sus principales activos, mecanismos de acción y su uso popular. Entre las plantas investigadas y que mostraron potencial para actuar en el tratamiento de la obesidad están Camelia sinensis, Citrus aurantium, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Coffea arabica, Ephedra sinica, Zingiber oficinale y Senna alexandrina. Los principales mecanismos de acción implicados en el potencial antiobesidad de las plantas medicinales son la capacidad de controlar el apetito y la ingesta de energía, estimular la termogénesis, inhibir la lipasa pancreática y reducir la absorción de grasas, disminuir la lipogénesis y aumentar la lipólisis. Por lo tanto, se concluye que las plantas seleccionadas en este estudio mostraron efectos positivos sobre los parámetros bioquímicos y físicos, y pueden ser incluidas en los protocolos como coadyuvantes en los tratamientos de pérdida de peso.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PELVIC ROCKING EXERCISE AND GINGER ON DYSMENORRHEA AMONG NURSING STUDENTS IN A SELECTED NURSING COLLEGE, BANGALORE

A spectrum of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic measures is used for managing dysmenorrhea. A quasiexperimental comparative pre-test post-test design was adopted to find effectiveness of pelvic rocking exercise and ginger on dysmenorrhea and the data collection instruments used were structured baseline questionnaire and Verbal multidimensional scoring system (VMDS) and VAS for assessing the severity of dysmenorrhea. Study was carried out among 70 nursing students with 35 students each in exercise and ginger group, selected by simple random sampling technique for 2 menstrual cycles. Among the 70 subjects 17.15%, 62.85% and 20% subjects had severe, moderate and mild dysmenorrhea The finding of the study revealed that there is a significant more or less similar reduction in dysmenorrhea among nursing students practicing pelvic rocking exercise and consumption of ginger powder. Therefore, such simple remedial measures can be used in day – to day basis in reducing dysmenorrhea

Long COVID : New Treatment Perspective Using Nutraceuticals

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an ongoing worldwide pandemic affecting a large population regardless of gender, age, and ethnicity. The persistence of the COVID-19 symptoms has become a significant health issue and is collectively called “Long COVID.” It can be described as the presence of symptoms of COVID even after the recovery from the viral infection. The prolonged symptoms in the patients could be due to various reasons and factors. Prolonged fatigue is a common symptom of Long COVID in patients even after they have recovered from the viral infection. Currently, only rehabilitation has shown promising results in managing the symptoms of Long COVID. Although pharmaceutical drugs have shown potential in treating the symptoms of Long COVID, more clinical evidence is required to confirm its treatment with less to no side effects; since it’s a new disease, the in-depth knowledge of the same is still evolving. Another healthier approach to treating the symptoms of Long COVID could be dietary supplements or “Nutraceuticals,” identified as an alternative to pharmaceuticals, including nutritional supplements, derived nutrients, and dietary and herbal products that display physiological advantages. Nutritional strategies can also play a role in treating hospitalized patients as maintaining the immune system is critical to combat viral infection.Nutraceuticals may be a practical and healthier approach to managing the symptoms of Long COVID or COVID-19. Although ample clinical evidence is present for the treatment of symptoms of COVID-19, further studies in treating Long COVID or its symptoms are required

Chemical profile, anti 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxegenase inhibitory effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome, callus and callus treated with elicitors / Perfil químico, anti-5-lipoxigenase e efeitos inibitórios da ciclooxegenase do rizoma de gengibre (Zingiber officinale), do calo e calos tratados com elicitores

The present study investigated the chemical profiles and evaluated the inhibitory effect against 5-Lipoxygenase (5-Lox) activity for extracts of ginger rhizome, callus, and callus treated with the elicitors; yeast extract (100, 300 and 500 mg/L), glycine (100, 200 and 300 mg/L) and salicylic acid (100 and 200 mg/L). Oils and chloroform: methanol (CM) extracts were prepared by maceration in petroleum ether and CM (1:1, v/v), respectively. Chemical profiles were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Oil of the callus recorded higher 5-Lox inhibitory effect (IC50 58.33±4.66 µg/mL) than the oil of rhizome (IC50168.34±15.64 µg/mL) and comparable to that of the positive control; Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (IC50 61.25±1.02 µg/mL). The chemical profile of the callus oil contained large amounts of fatty acids, mainly the unsaturated fatty acid oleic acid (31.11%) and saturated fatty acid palmitic acid (28.56%). Elicitors modified the chemical profile of the callus and ameliorated the anti-5-Lox activity of CM extract of the callus. CM extracts of callus treated with 100 and 300 mg/L yeast extract and 50 mg/L salicylic acid significantly suppressed (P ≤ 0.05) the 5-Lox activity by 33.16%, 25.46% and 16%, respectively as compared to the CM extract of untreated callus. In conclusion, ginger callus could be considered as a valuable dietary supplement in the treatment of various inflammatory disorders.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os perfis químicos e avaliar o efeito inibitório da atividade da 5-Lipoxigenase (5-Lox) em extratos de rizoma, calo e calo de gengibre tratados com os eliciadores; extrato de levedura (100, 300 e 500 mg / L), glicina (100, 200 e 300 mg / L) e ácido salicílico (100 e 200 mg / L). Extratos de óleos e clorofórmio: metanol (CM) foram preparados por maceração em éter e CM (1: 1, v / v), respectivamente. Os perfis químicos foram determinados por análise de cromatografia gasosa / espectrometria de massa (GC / MS). O óleo do calo registrou maior efeito inibitório de 5-Lox (IC50 58,33 ± 4,66 µg / mL) do que o óleo de rizoma (IC50168,34 ± 15,64 µg / mL) e comparável ao do controle positivo; Ácido nordi-hidroguaiarético (IC50 61,25 ± 1,02 µg / mL). O perfil químico do óleo de calo continha grandes quantidades de ácidos graxos, principalmente o ácido graxo insaturado ácido oleico (31,11%) e ácido graxo saturado palmítico (28,56%). Os elicitores modificaram o perfil químico do calo e melhoraram a atividade anti-5-Lox do extrato de CM do calo. Extratos de CM de calos tratados com 100 e 300 mg / L de extrato de levedura e 50 mg / L de ácido salicílico suprimiram significativamente (P ≤ 0,05) a atividade de 5-Lox em 33,16%, 25,46% e 16%, respectivamente, em comparação com o extrato de CM de calo não tratado. Em conclusão, o calo de gengibre pode ser considerado um suplemento dietético valioso no tratamento de vários distúrbios inflamatórios.

Therapeutic potential and bioactive phenolics of locally grown Pakistani and Chinese varieties of ginger in relation to extraction solvents

Abstract Current study compares the Therapeutic/nutra-pharmaceuticals potential and phenolics profile of Pakistani grown Pakistani and Chinese varieties of ginger. Crude yield of bioactive components from the varieties tested, using different extraction solvents including chloroform, ethyl acetate, ether, methanol, ethanol and distilled water. The crude bioactives varied from 14.1-82.5%. The highest extraction yield was noted for Pakistani species. The HPLC analysis revalued significant amounts of phenolics including vanillin, protocatechuic, vanillic, ferulic, sinapinic and cinnamic acids. The highest anti-inflammatory activity was shown by ethanolic extract of Pakistani variety (IC50: 26.5±1.8) whereas Chinese variety exhibited potent anticancer potential against MCF-7 cell line (Inhibition: 91.38 %). The Chinese variety in general showed higher phenolics and anticancer, while the Pakistani exhibited higher anti-inflammatory activity. Pakistani grown ginger and ethanolic extract of Chinese ginger showed highest antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18.0±0.02 & 15.00±0.02 mm respectively. Minimum results obtained with water for both varieties of ginger with range of 7.2±0.22 and 6±0.07 respectively. Moreover, the phenolics composition, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anticancer activities of both tested varieties of ginger were notably affected as a function of extraction solvents. Our findings advocate selection of appropriate solvent for recovery of effective phenolic bioactive compounds from ginger verities to support the Nutra-pharmaceutical formulation.

Effects of ginger-partitioned moxibustion on the expression levels of PGF2α, E2, P, and mRNAs of PGF2αR and E2R in rats with primary dysmenorrhea due to cold-dampness stagnation / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Objective: To observe the effects of ginger-partitioned moxibustion at Shenque (CV8) and Guanyuan (CV4) on the expression levels of endocrine-related molecules and their receptors in rats with primary dysmenorrhea (PD) due to cold-dampness stagnation, thus to explore their analgesic mechanisms. Methods: Thirty-two female Wistar rats were divided into a normal group, a model group, a ginger-partitioned moxibustion group, and a Western medicine group according to the random number table method, with 8 rats in each group. Except for rats in the normal group, all other rats were treated with oxytocin combined with ice-water bath to establish the rat models of PD due to cold-dampness stagnation. After successful modeling, rats in the normal group and the model group did not receive treatment; rats in the ginger-partitioned moxibustion group received treatments with ginger-partitioned moxibustion at Shenque (CV8) and Guanyuan (CV4); rats in the Western medicine group received ibuprofen by intragastric administration. The writhing response of rats was compared among groups, and the serum levels of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), estrogen (estradiol, E2), progesterone (P), and the mRNA expression of PGF2α and E2 receptors in the uterine tissues were detected. Results: No writhing behavior was observed in the normal group; compared with the normal group, the serum PGF2α and E2 levels in the model group were increased (P<0.01), while the P level was decreased (P<0.01), and the mRNA expression levels of the uterine PGF2α and E2 receptors were increased (P<0.01, P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the writhing behavior latency was prolonged, and the writhing response score was decreased in the ginger-partitioned moxibustion group and the Western medicine group (P<0.01); the serum PGF2α and E2 levels in the ginger-partitioned moxibustion group and the Western medicine group were decreased, while the P level was increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01); the mRNA expression levels of the uterine PGF2α and E2 receptors in the ginger-partitioned moxibustion group and the Western medicine group were decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the Western medicine group, the ginger-partitioned moxibustion group showed a prolonged writhing behavior latency, reduced writhing response score (P<0.05), and decreased serum E2 level (P<0.05), while no statistical differences in the serum PGF2α and P levels, or the mRNA expression levels of uterine PGF2α and E2 receptors (P>0.05).Conclusion: The analgesic effect of ginger-partitioned moxibustion on PD due to cold-dampness stagnation may be related to regulating the mRNA expression levels of PGF2α and E2 receptors in the uterine tissues.

Summary of the best evidence for aromatherapy in alleviating chemotherapy related nausea and vomiting in patients with cancer / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To search and summarize the best evidence of aromatherapy in alleviating chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting in cancer patients, so as to provide reference for nursing staff to implement symptom management.Methods:All evidences on the application of aromatherapy in the relief of chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting in cancer patients were searched from the guideline collaboration network, professional association websites, and well-known databases at home and abroad from July 2011 to July 2021. The literature quality evaluation tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included literature, and extracted evidence from the literature that met the quality requirements.Results:Ten articles were included at last, including 2 clinical practice guidelines, 1 clinical decision, 2 expert consensus, 1 evidence to summarize, and 1 system evaluation. A total of 11 best evidences of aromatherapy to relieve chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting were obtained. They were from five aspects: intervention population, aromatherapy practitioners, effectiveness, aromatherapy administration route and adverse reactions.Conclusions:The available evidence indicates that either essential oil aroma therapy or oral aroma therapy has a certain efficacy in alleviating chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting, and more clinical studies, systematic reviews, and other evidences are still needed to be clarified in the future to promote the normative application of aroma therapy.

Finite element analysis method and optimization of flexible ginger moxibustion based on Abaqus and Taguchi method / 生物医学工程学杂志

Ginger moxibustion has the effect of regulating zang-fu organs and activating qi and blood circulation. When used, ginger paste is required to be close to human skin. Currently, the ginger box used clinically in the hospital can't meet the requirement of large area fitting human skin, and the efficacy of ginger moxibustion is significantly reduced. In this study, a flexible ginger paste box was proposed, which was composed of flexible components polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), spring and wire netting. The large flexibility of the structure made it fit well with human skin. Finite element method was used to study the fitting degree between ginger paste box and waist soft tissue. Finite element models of flexible ginger paste box and waist soft tissue were established based on Hypermesh and Abaqus software. The equivalent contact area between the flexible ginger paste box and waist was obtained by numerical simulation under different PDMS unilateral thickness, spring wire diameter, wire netting diameter and ginger paste layer thickness. The four parameters were taken as the influencing factors, and the equivalent contact area was taken as the optimization objective. The typical value analysis and variance analysis of S/N were performed by Taguchi method, and the results showed that among the four influencing factors, the wire netting diameter had the largest influence on equivalent contact area and its contribution rate reached 41.98%. The contribution rates of PDMS unilateral thickness, spring wire diameter and ginger paste layer thickness reached 36.48%, 13.97% and 6.50%, respectively. The optimized PDMS unilateral thickness, spring wire diameter, wire netting diameter and ginger paste layer thickness were 1.5, 0.4, 0.15, 35 mm, respectively, and the equivalent contact area was 95.60 cm 2. The optimized flexible ginger paste box with great fitting performance can improve the effect of ginger moxibustion.

Combined enzymatic hydrolysis and herbal extracts fortification to boost in vitro antioxidant activity of edible bird's nest solution / 中草药·英文版

Objective: Edible bird's nest (EBN) is a popular traditional tonic food in Chinese population for centuries. Malaysia is one of the main EBN suppliers in the world. This study aims to explore the best strategy to boost the antioxidant potential of EBN solution. Methods: In this study, the raw EBN (4%, mass to volume ratio) was initially enzymatic hydrolyzed using papain enzyme to produce EBN hydrolysate (EBNH), then spray-dried into powdered form. Next, 4% (mass to volume ratio) of EBNH powder was dissolved in ginger extract (GE), mulberry leaf extract (MLE) and cinnamon twig extract (CTE) to detect the changes of antioxidant activities, respectively. Results: Results obtained suggest that enzymatic hydrolysis significantly reduced the viscosity of 4% EBN solution from (68.12 ± 0.69) mPa·s to (7.84 ± 0.31) mPa·s. Besides, the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total soluble protein, DPPH scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were substantially increased following EBN hydrolysis using papain enzyme. In addition, fortification with GE, MLE and CTE had further improved the TPC, TFC, DPPH scavenging activity and FRAP of the EBNH solution. Among the samples, MLE-EBNH solution showed the most superior antioxidant potential at (86.39 ± 1.66)% of DPPH scavenging activity and (19.79 ± 2.96) mmol/L FeSO